WESTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY
History 360-500-History of Africa/
African American Studies 360-500
History 360-610 (Owensboro)/History 360-621 (Elizabethown)
Wednesdays--5:30-8:15 P. M./Elizabethtown section: 6:30-9:15 P. M.
Origination site for Spring 2003: Cherry Hall Room 103,� Bowling Green campus
Instructor: John A. Hardin, Ph. D.
Course Description:
A survey of the history of sub-Saharan Africa from the earliest times to the present. Three (3) hours. (This course is listed in the 2001 General Education Requirements, Section E-World Cultures and American Cultural Diversity.)
Goals:
1.�������� To provide students with an overview of the critical historical issues of sub-Saharan Africa from the earliest times to the present.
2.�������� To expose students to the elements which led to the
development of early African
civilizations, extensive contact with non-African cultures and the formation of
contemporary nation-states.
Objectives:
1.�������� Each student must complete a mid-term and final examination
which may include
essay and objective questions.
2.�������� Each student will be expected to complete a map test of the African continent.
3.�������� Each student will be expected to submit a research-based
essay on a specific
problem or issue in African history.
4.�������� Each student will be expected to read the required text and assigned materials.
Expectations and Requirements:
1.�������� Students will be expected to complete a map test of Africa. This exam is necessary because the geography of Africa continues to influence its historical development. The text provides geo-political and cultural maps of the continent. Elements of this test might be repeated on the mid-term and final exams. Value: 30 points.
2.�������� Students will be expected to complete the mid-term and final
examinations as per
the schedule below. Makeup exams may be given at the discretion and convenience
of the instructor. Students are strongly encouraged to follow the schedule for
the assignments and exams. Value of each exam: 90 points.
3.�������� Each student must submit a one page typed thesis statement (or topic) on the essay paper to be submitted later in the term. The purpose of this project is to help the student get started on writing the paper and, where possible, help the student to complete the paper. Value: 10 points.
Each student must write and submit an essay paper
on a specific problem or issue in African history as defined in this course
outline. The paper will be judged on
content, syntax and grammar. If you have not written a research paper in an
upper-level history course or have not had extensive collegiate-level writing
assignments in history courses, consult and use the attached sheet
"Writing A
Research Paper."
Footnote and bibliographic entries should be
written in the Modern Language
Association style or the "Turabian" style from the University of
Chicago. Most
history papers DO NOT use the American Psychology Association style (APA). If
you are a history or social science major, please use the MLA or Turabian style
of
footnotes and bibliography. Value: 80 points.
This paper must be no fewer than ten (10) pages
typed double-spaced. The cover
sheet, bibliography and other pages are not included in the number of pages. DO
NOT SUBMIT THE PAPER IN A PLASTIC OR CARDBOARD COVER. Please staple your paper
and include on the front cover sheet your name, course name and section, the
complete title of your paper, and date of submission. Failure to abide by these
requirements will lead to a ten (10) point deduction.
4. ��� The determination of the final grade will
occur as follows: the sum of the points
earned from each exam (90 + 90), essay paper (80) and map test (30) will be
divided by three (3). The resulting average will be used to compute your final
grade accordingly: A = 100-89; B = 88-79; C = 78-69; D = 68-59 and F = 58-0.
For example, if your final average was 88.9, the final grade is B.
5. ��� It is the student's responsibility to
determine if withdrawal is needed. If the student decides to use this option,
the University deadline must be observed and procedures followed through
TOPNET. DO NOT ASSUME THAT THE FACULTY MEMBER WILL AUTOMATICALLY WITHDRAW A
STUDENT FROM A CLASS IF THE STUDENT STOPS ATTENDING. IF A STUDENT DOES NOT
OFFICIALLY WITHDRAW BY THE UNIVERSITY DEADLINE (MARCH 6, 2003), AN
"F" GRADE WILL BE SUBMITTED BY THE INSTRUCTOR FOR THE COURSE.
Required Text: ���������
Vincent B. Khapoya. The African Experience: An Introduction. (2nd edition) Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1998.
Office Hours/Phone/E-Mail:
My office is located in the Office of Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs, Wetherby Administration Building, Room 239, WKU, Bowling Green Campus. My office phone is (270) 745-7009. I am in my office daily from 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. However, I will be involved with responsibilities as Assistant to the Provost for Diversity Enhancement� and may be away from the office occasionally. If there is a concern, please leave a message with the office associate (ext. 2296) and include your name and phone number where you can be reached. My campus e-mail address is: john.hardin@wku.edu
Special Note:
Students with disabilities who require accommodations (academic adjustments and/or auxiliary aids or services) for this course must contact the Office for Student Disability Services, Room 445, Potter Hall.� The OFSDS telephone number is (270) 745-5004 V/TDD.
Please DO NOT request accommodations directly from the professor or instructor without a letter of accommodation from the Office for Student Disability Services.
Tests and Due Dates:
1. Map Test--(Value: 30 points): January 22, 2003.
2. Essay paper topic--(Value: 10 points): January 29, 2003.
3. Mid-term--(90 points): March 5, 2003.
4. Paper--(80 points): April 2, 2003.
5. Final Examination--(90 points) 6:00-8:00 P.M. May 7, 2003.
Lecture and Reading Schedule: (subject to adjustment)
If the student misses class, he/she is still responsible for the lectures
and any distributed
materials.
First week: Introduction; Khapoya, "Africa: The Continent and Its People."� January 15, 2003.
Second week: "African Traditional Institutions." January 22, 2003
Third-fourth weeks: "Political Development in Historic Africa." February 5, 2003.
Fifth-sixth weeks: "Colonialism and the African Experience" continued. February 12, 2003.
Seventh week: "Colonialism and the African Experience." continued.� February 19, 2003.
Eighth week: "African Nationalism and the Struggle for Freedom." cont.� February 26, 2003.
Ninth-tenth weeks: "African Nationalism" continued. March 5-12, 2003.
Eleventh week: "African Independence and After." March 19, 2003.
Twelfth week: "African Independence" continued. April 2, 3003.
Thirteenth week: "South Africa."� April 16, 2003.
Fourteenth week: "South Africa" continued.� April 23, 2003.
Fifteenth week: "Africa in World Affairs." April 30, 2003.
Scholarly Journals on Africa
Helms/Craven Library
Other journals may contain data appropriate to your essay. If the
information that you
need is not found in these, look elsewhere. Do not be afraid to ask questions
of library
staff.
Africa. Vol. 38, No. 1, August 1940-December 1942; Volume 48, January
1968-volume 49, 1979 (discontinued publication).
Africa. 1968-1971; 1974/1975. Call number DT 1 .A 14 (0040401).
Africa: An Interdisciplinary Business, Economic and Political Monthly. No.
65
(1977)-No. 125 (January 1982). 905373. Helm 2.
Africa Digest. Volume 15 (1968)-Volume 21 (1974). 901666.
Africa Guide. 1978-1980. Ref HC501 .A532 (541129).
Africa Insight(continues as South African Journal of African Affairs) volume
10
(1980)-volume 13, no. 2 (1985).
Africa Institute Bulletin (English Edition). Volume 1 (1965)-2, No. 4 (June 1966).
Africa Report. No. 1 (1956)-volume 5, no. 9 (1960).
Africa: South of the Sahara (1971-1986), 18th edition, 1989. Ref DT 351.A37
Africa Year Book and Who's Who (1977). Ref DT 1. A2274. (5466041).
African Affairs. vol. 1, 1901-Vol. 43, no. 171 (1944). Also known as Royal
African
Society Journal. (901669).
African Arts. Volume 23 No. 2, April 1990. (916615).
African Freedom Annual. 1978. DT 1 .A 2254 (546302).
African Literature Today. No. 5, No. 10, No.12. DL 8010 .A4. (415644).
African Repository. Volume 6 (1830)-Volume 50 (1874). Kentucky Library.
(911566).
African Social Research (continues the Rhodes-Livingstone Journal. No. 7 (1969)-No. 28 (December 1979). (901670).
African Studies Bulletin 1958-1960. (901671).
Journal of Ethiopian Studies volume 9 (1971)-volume 14 (1976-1979). (902654).
Journal of Modern African Studies Volume 5, 1967. (902100).
Problems in African History
Your essay may rephrase these questions. Please be specific in your essay and include examples and other relevant data.
1.�������� What are the historical foundations of ancient African societies? For example, this essay might discuss the oral traditions of ancient African societies versus the contemporary document-based approach to social history.
2.�������� How and why did migrations affect the rise or fall of African societies and civilizations? This essay might address the role of ethnolinguistic groups (what some people erroneously call tribes) migrating and their influence on the economy and politics of an area of the continent.
3.�������� In what ways did the European presence change the sub-Saharan African cultures? This essay would address the role of Europeans (English, German, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian and Dutch) on African cultures. Pick one and narrow the focus to a specific time and place.
4.�������� How did religion affect historical change in sub-Saharan Africa? Ali Mazrui argues that Africa reflects a triple heritage--indigenous, Islamic and European. Europeans were Protestants and Catholic, indigenous Africans had Christianity since the third century after the birth of Jesus Christ, Islam arrived in the eighth century and indigenous religions were present as early as 3000 B.C.
5.�������� In what manner did language affect the historical development of African cultures and societies? With 850 ethnolinguistic groups and 54 nations on the continent, language plays an important role in cultural formation. Pick one of the four major language groups and narrow the topic sufficiently.
6.�������� As the European and Asian cultures changed, what major social or political changes occurred in African cultures and civilizations? The appearance of technology and economic systems affected societies, e.g. slavery and the railroads. There are others.
7.�������� In what ways did economic systems affect the historical
development of sub-Saharan African societies in the ancient or modern epochs?
Capitalism and mercantilism manifested themselves in various ways throughout
African history.
Select an era in which European economic paradigms were imposed on African
societies unfamiliar with these approaches. Some African societies adapted and
some did not. Explore the consequences.
These are just few ideas. You can become innovative but I would prefer
discussion by phone or e-mail.
WRITING A HISTORY RESEARCH PAPER
Doing historical research is a fascinating and creative activity. If done
properly, it provides a feeling of satisfaction and achievement.
The first step is to decide on a subject. The next is to develop a
bibliography. This can be worked up by using the University Libraries' TOPCAT,
the local public library catalog, special published topical bibliographies,
guides to periodicals, and in some rare cases, computerized databases on the
Internet. For most papers, the best first source would be the bibliography in
the required text for this course. Browsing over the shelves in the library is
one of the most interesting but time-consuming methods of developing a
bibliography. Each possible source of information on your topic should be
recorded on a
separate bibliography card. [If you have access to a notebook/laptop computer,
you may prefer to record the data in a database/spreadsheet program.]
Author: last name first, then first name and initial.
Complete title and edition.
City and publisher, date and pages in book/article.
After bibliography cards have been assembled, the next step is gathering
information from the sources you have located. As you progress other sources
will be revealed and bibliography cards for them must be added to your set of
cards. Data cards are most important. It is from them that you will write your
paper.
Specific, detailed title Date
Author's last name, short title of book/article, page(s).
[The information should be carefully and legibly written. If you use an
internet source, make sure it is legitimate. Include all pertinent data("
University of Kentucky source at
http://www.hist360@wku.history....") so it can be checked]
On a data card include only one idea or fact. It is better to split up information that might be used together than to include on one card information that will need to be used in different places in your paper.� The specific item of information on the card should be given a distinctive title to get at the top of the card for easy sorting and organization. The date of the item should be placed in the upper right hand corner. This refers to the date of the item or event described, not the date of publication of the source. This date will be useful in organizing your information chronologically.
After you have gathered on cards a substantial amount of information you should examine it with various types of organization for your paper. You might try a chronological approach; the other common type is topical. The two are frequently combined. After you have decided on how your story can be most effectively told, start writing. This organization and writing stage will help you to develop an outline for your paper, will reveal gaps in your information, and will suggest other questions you may need to answer, if possible from the various sources available to you.
After the paper is finished in rough draft, write an introduction and conclusion based on what your research has brought out. The final draft should be done carefully and with proper attention to grammar and spelling, capitalization and punctuation. If completed using a recent word processing program, the text should be "spell-checked" or "grammar-checked" by the appropriate program utility. The footnotes and bibliography should be checked manually for proper form and correct information. After the paper is typed the author should proof-read it at least twice.
If you have followed these steps, you will feel at this point a real sense of personal satisfaction.� You will have created something that is distinctively yours.
AFRICAN
AMERICAN STUDIES 360/HISTORY 360
Africa:
The Continent and Its People
Key
Terms
Chapter
1
Organization of African
Unity
Lake Victoria-Nyanza
Mt. Kilimanjaro
Mt. Kenya
Nile River
Sahara Desert
Zaire River
rain forest
schistosomiasis
(bilharzia)
onchoceriasis
trypansomiasis (sleeping
sickness)
malaria
Maghreb
dessication
"hamitic"
hypothesis
Joseph Greenberg
lexicostatistics
glottochronology
Afro-Asiatic
Niger-Congo
Nilo-Saharan
Khoisan
Afrikaans
Bantu
Kiswahili
African
Traditional Institutions
Chapter
2
values, characteristics,
institutions
polygyny, polygamy,
polyandry
kinship
consanguine
marriage (affilial)
matrilineal
patrilineal
duolineal(bilineal)
bilateral descent
lineages
clan
bridewealth (brideprice)
sororate
levirate
surrogate� marriage
ghost marriage
trial marriage
non-kinship groups
age grade and age set
craft guilds
professions: medicine
people, oral historians, rainmakers, mediums, blacksmiths
secret societies
worker cooperatives
collectivist societies
age grades: (after
initiation)infancy, childhood, young adulthood, mature adulthood, elderhood
cicatrization, skin
scarification, tattooing
clitoridectomy (female
circumcision): cultural defense vs. medical opposition
family life and
socialization
religious beliefs:
ancestral beliefs and spirits, "animism" or "paganism"
creation processes and
stories
gender condition of
deities
spirits
ancestors
definition of religious
symbols
states
stateless societies
values: instrumental and
consummatory
segmental systems
hierarchical systems
pyramidal systems
Chapter
3
Political
Development in Historic Africa
J. A. Rogers, C. A.
Diop, B. Davidson
Louis and Mary Leakey
Joseph Greenberg
Afrocentric vs.
Eurocentric debate
Walter Rodney, Molefi
Asante, Martin Bernal
neolithic revolution
evolutionary theorists
Zinjanthropus
australopithecus
africanus
homo habilis, homo erectus, homo sapiens
Egypt (Kemet or Kmt)
Upper Nile and Lower
Nile
Horus, Isis, Osiris, Re
(Ra), Maat
Old Kingdom (3100-2180
B.C.(C.E.)
Imhotep
Zoser
Pyramid at Gizeh (Giza)
Khufu (c. 2600 B.C.)
First Intermediate
Period(2180-2080 B.C.)
nomes
Middle Kingdom
(2080-1640 B.C.)
Hyksos (1800 b.C.)
Second Intermediate
Period 1640-1570 B.C.)
New Kingdom/Empire (1570-1090
B.C.)
Thebes
Queen Hatshepsut(1500
B.C.)
Punt
Akhenaten (1375
B.C.)"one devoted to Aten"
Nefertiti
Tutankhamon (1345 B.C.)
Valley of the Kings
Ramses II (1290-1220
B.C.)
Shoshenk� of Libya (950 B.C.)
Piankhy of Kush
Nebuchadnezzar
Alexander the Great;
Alexandria
Ptolemy
Cleopatra
Kush-Meroe (2000
B.C.-350 A.D.)
Nok
Mahgreb
Hannibal
"Carthaginian
Peace"
Mauritania
Queen of Punt
Makeda, Queen of Sheba
Axum (200 B.C -700 A.D.)
Coptic Christian Church
King Ezana(350 A.D.)
Funj Sultanate (1500
A.D.)
Muhammad
Koran
jihad
hadj (or hajj)
Mecca
Zagwe dynasty
Kebra Nagast(Glory of
Kings)
Abyssinia
Amda Syon (1314-1334)
Zara Yakob(1434-1464)
Helena(1487-1522)
Ahmed Gran
Fatimid dynasty (969
A.D. at Cairo)
mamluks
Saladin
Mamluk dynasty(1171-1517)
Almoravids(1090-1150)
Almohads(1150-12500
Ottoman Empire
pashas, beys
Morocco, Sa'idi clan
El Mansur (1598-1603)
Ghana (land of gold)
Al-Fazari (788-793)
Al-Bakri (1067-1068)
Book of Trade� and Kingdoms
Soninke
Kumbi-Saleh
Mali
Malinke'
Sundiata (1235-1255)
Keita clan
mansas
Abubakari II
Mansa Musa(1312-1337)
Jenne, Timbuktu
Mansa Sulayman(Suleiman)
(1341-1360)
Gao
Songhay(Songhai)
Sunni Ali(1464-1492)
(Askia)Muhammad
Toure'(1493-1528)
Sankore University at
Timbuktu
Leo Africanus
Kanem
Sefawa
Mai Dunama Dibbalemi
Kano, Gobir, Katsina,
Zaria
Kanem-Bornu
Mai Idris
Alooma(1580-1617)
Goree Island
Elmina fortress
Ife(Yoruba)
Oyo(Yoruba)
obas of Benin
Odudua(Odudwa)
Oba Ewuare(1440-1480)
Kongo
Affonso I
Mbundu
ngolas
Nzinga (1624-1663)
Ilunga
Kasanje
Shona
Zimbabwe
Mutapa
mwene mutapas
changamires
Rozwi (1680s)
Swahili speaking city
states
Maravi kingdoms
kalongas
Luo
Bunyoro, Buganda
Bito
Rwanda and Burundi
Tutsi
Mogadishu
Shirazi clan
Kilwa
Asante
Amharic
ras
pashas
Ottoman Turkish Empire
Pasha of Tripoli
Dey of Algiers
Muhammad Ali(1805-1848)
Abdel Qadir (d. 1847)
Tunisia
Sultan Mulai
Hassan(1875-1894)
Qadiriy(y)a
Usuman dan Fodio(Uthman
dan Fodio)
Abdullahi & Muhammad
Bello
Sultanate of Sokoto
Laminu el-Kanemi
Hamad Bari
El Hadj Umar(Al-Hajj
Umar)
Tijaniy(y)a
Ahmadu
Samori Toure(1875-1898)
Sultan of Darfur
Rabih Zubayr(1879-1900)
Muhammad Ahmed (Madhi)
Charles Gordon
Khartoum
Khalifa Abdullah
Battle of Omdurman(1898)
Slave Coast
palm oil
Sierra Leone
Fourah Bay College
Liberia
Freetown
Monrovia
oracles
Arochukwu
Agbala
Berlin West Africa
Conference of 1884-1885
Partition of Africa
Sir George Goldie
Royal Niger Company
Jaja of Oppbo
(1869-1887)
Oyo emperor (alafin)
Battle of Oshogbo (1835)
S. A. Crowther
J. W. Johnson
Kumasi
Golden Stool of the
asantehene
Osei Tutu
Opoku Ware
Osei Bonsu
Fante
Gold Coast Colony
Prempeh I(1888-1896)
Yaa Asantewaa
Soshangane
Gaza
Mzilikazi
Ndebele
Sultan Sayyid
Said(1806-1854)
Zanzibar
Nyamwezi
Emperors Theodore and
John(1854-1889)
Cecil Rhodes
British South Africa
Company
King Leopold of Belgium
Congo Free State
Zwangendaba (d. 1848)
Mirambo (1860-1884)
ntemis
Msiri (1860-1891)
Tippu Tib(1874-1890
Kiswahili
Mkwawa(1880-1898)
Maji-Maji Rebellion(1905-1907)
German East Africa
Kabaka Mutesa(1858-1884)
Buganda
Said Muhammad(1895-1920)
Menelik II(1889-1920)
Adowa(1896)
J. A. Horton
E. W. Blyden
Chapter
4
Colonialism
and the African Experience
League of Nations mandates:Tanganyika,
Rwanda, Burundi, Cameroon, Namibia, Togo.
Prester John
Reasons for European
interest in Africa:
1)scientific knowledge;
2)European interest/racism� 3)imperial
designs
merchants, missionaries,
mercenaries
Intellectual imperialism
Imperial rationales:
political, strategic, cultural and economic
Civilizing paradigms and
missions
French
"assimilation" policy
Seretse Khama of
Botswana vs. Leopold Senghor
lusotropicality
"assimilados"
vs."indigenas"
indirect rule
Lord Lugard of Nigeria
"warrant
chiefs"
Ibos of Nigeria
Tanganyika African
Association
direct rule
French created colonial
divisions and subdivisions: federations--French West Africa[territories of
Dahomey, Mauritania, French Soudan, Senegal, �� Guinea,
Ivory Coast, Upper Volta and Niger] and Equatorial Africa[Gabon, Middle Congo,
Ubangi Chari and Chad]
cercles and chef de subdivision�
Antonio Salazar
(1932-1968)
"Maji-Maji
Uprising" in Tanganyika (1905-1908)
company rule
Congo Free State
King Leopold of Belgium
International
Association of the Congo
indirect company rule
Cecil John Rhodes�
Chief Lobengula� of the Ndebele
Rudd Concession
British South Africa
Co.�
Barotse
Chapter
5: African Nationalism and the Struggle for Freedoms
Prempeh I of Asante
Mossi people of Burkina
Faso
Yao of Tanzania
Nama of Namibia
Coptic Christian Church
Mission schools
Jomo Kenyatta
Facing Mt. Kenya
negritude
Kitawala (Watchtower
Movement) in Zaire
Chilembwe movement in
Malawi
Simon Kimbangu's
movement in Zaire
Tembu Church in South
Africa
African Methodist
Episcopal Church
African Methodist
Episcopal Zion Church
Kofi Awoonor
Pan-Africanism �
Henry Sylvester-Williams
W. E. B. DuBois
Blaise Diagne of Senegal
Second Pan-African
Conference (1919)
Marcus Garvey
UNIA (Universal Negro
Improvement Association)�
Negro World
Black Star Steamship
Line
Peter Millard� and T.R. Makonnen(British Guiana[Guyana],
George Padmore(British West Indies) Kwame Nkrumah(Gold Coast Colony)[Ghana],
Peter Abrahams(South Africa), Wallace Johnson(Sierra Leone) Chief Obafemi
Awolowo(Nigeria), Chief H. O Davies(Nigeria), J.E. Taylor(Ghana), Hastings
Banda(Malawi), Amy Ashwood Garvey (Marcus Garvey's widow), Jaja
Wachukwu(Nigeria).� National Council of
Nigeria and the Cameroons, Labour Party of Grenada (West Indies), West Indies
People's National Party, Nigerian Youth Movement, Nyasaland African Congress
(Malawi), African National Congress (South Africa), and Gold Coast Farmer's
Association (Ghana).
Kwame Nkrumah
All-Africa People's
Conference
Patrice Lumumba of Zaire
(Belgian Congo)
Tom Mboya (Kenya)
Emperor Haile Selassie
of Ethiopia
Gamal Abdel Nasser of
Egypt
Organization of African
Unity
The
League of Nations
United
Nations
Britain:
Tanganyika, western half of Togo, western Cameroon; France: eastern Togo,
eastern Cameroon; Belgium: Rwanda and Burundi; South Africa: Namibia[Southwest
Africa].
Eritrea
Libya
United
Nations Charter Articles� 62 (Human
Rights) and 73(Self-Governing Territories)
Elijah
Masinde's Religion of the Spirits (Kenya)
Local
Government Workers' Union
Kenya
African Union
Kenya
Federation of Labor
kipande
Kenya
African National Union
Sekou
Toure of Guinea
Parti
Democratique de Guinee
Aborigines
Rights Protection Society in Ghana ( 1897)
National
Congress of British West Africa
Lagos
Youth Movement(1934)
Nigerian
Youth Movement
Dr.
Nnamdi Azikiwe of the Ibo-based National Council of Nigeria
and
the Cameroons
Obafemi
Awolowo of the Yoruba-based Action Group
Rassemblement
Democratique Africain(1946) in French West Africa
United
Gold Coast Convention(1947) in Ghana
Northern
Rhodesian African Congress(1948)
Movement
Republicain� Populaire
Parti
Republicain du Dahomey
Northern
Elements Progressive Association�
Northern
People's Congress
emir
Sardauna of Sokoto
Tanganyika
African Association
Tanganyika
African National Union
Julius
Nyerere
Kavrindo
Taxpayers' Welfare Association
Harry
Thuku
Young
Kikuyu Association�
Kikuyu
Central Association
�Kenya African Union
People's
Convention Party
Kenya
African Democratic Union
Rhodesia
Zimbabwe,
Malawi and Zambia
unilateral
declaration of independence
Chapter
6-Study Guide
African
Independence and After
United
Gold Coast Convention
J.B.
Danquah
Convention
People's� Party
Kwame
Nkrumah
National
Liberation Movement
Kabaka
Yekka
Milton
Obote
Uganda
People's Congress
Baganda
Bunyoro
Idi
Amin
Blaise
Diagne
Felix
Houphouet-Boigny
Kenya
African National Union
Kenya
People's Union
Patrice
Lumumba
Julius
Nyerere
African
socialism
Ujamaa
Nigerian
Youth Movement
Kenneth
Kaunda
Kenya
African Democratic Union
Tom
Mboya
Oginga
Odinga
Daniel
arap Moi
Harry
Nkumbula
African
Nation Congress of Zambia
United
National Independence Party
Simon
Kapwepwe
United
Progressive party
Frederick
Chiluba
Robert
Mugabe
Joshua
Nkomo
Ian
Smith
Preventive
Detention Act
Osyagefo
Barotse
litunga,
ngambela
majimbo
Rassamblement
Democratique Africain (RDA)
Parti
Democratique de la Cote d'Ivoire(PDCI)
Sekou
Toure
Confederation
Generale du Travail (CGT)
Parti
Democratique de Guinee
Arusha
Declaration
Republic
of Tanzania
Afro-Shirazi
Party
Chama
cha Mapinduzi (CCM)
Structural
Adjustment� Program
Ali
Hassan Mwinyi
Local
Revolutionary Powers of Guinea
National
Political Bureau
Diallo
Telli
Leopold
Senghor
negritude
Wole
Soyinke
British
East Africa Company
Biafra
Chapter
7
South
Africa
apartheid
mixed
race (colored)
Hintsa
(1804-1835)
Xhosa
Shaka
assegais
Zulu
Dingane
(1828-1838)
Mzilikazi
Ndebele
(Matabele)
Battle
of Blood River (1838)
Mpande
(1840-1872)
Sobhuza
(1819-1839)
Mswati
(1845-1865)
Moshoeshoe
(1820-1870)
Natal
Republic
Orange
Free State
Dutch
Reformed Church
Great
Trek (1835-1843)
Andries
Pretorius
Transvaal
Boers
Kimberly
Cecil
John Rhodes
DeBeers
Mining Company
Sekhukhuni
Battle
of Isandhlwana (1879)
Bechuanaland
(Botswana)
Swaziland
First
Anglo-Boer War
Afrikaner
Bond (1880)
afrikaans
Paul
Kruger
Witwatersrand
(the �Rand�)
Johannesburg
Lord
Milner
Second
Anglo-Boer War
Jan
Smuts
Union
Aggreement of 1909
Mohandas
Ghandi
South
African Indian Congress
African
National Congress
T.
Bilbo
J.
Albert Coetzee
volksgroep
Natives
Land Act of 1913
Mines
and Works Act of 1911
Population
Registration Act of 1950
Prohibition
of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949
Immorality
Act of 1957
Promotion
of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959
Hendrick
Verwoerd
Group
Areas Act of 1957
pass
laws
Bantu
(Abolition of Passes and Coordination of Documents) Act of 1952
Bantu
(Urban Areas) Consolidation Act of 1945
Publication
and Entertainment Act of 1963
Albert
Luthuli
Nelson
Mandela
ANC
Youth League
Freedom
Charter
Suppression
of Communism Act
Umkhonto we Sizwe
(Spear of the Nation)
Pan
Africanist Congress
Robert
Sobukwe
Sharpeville
Black
Consciousness Movement
South
African Student Organization
Donald
Woods
Steve
Biko
Soweto
Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Andrew
Young
Donald
McHenry
Walter
Mondale
John
Vorster
Pieter
W. Botha
Political
Interference Act
constructive
engagement
F.
W. de Klerk
Afrikaner
Resistance Movement
Chris
Hani
Chief
Gatsha Buthelezi
Inkatha
Freedom Party
Azania
People�s Liberation Party
Azania
People�s Organization
The
National Party
The
Democratic Party
The
Conservative Party
Eugene
TerreBlanche
CODESA
(Convention for a Democratic South Africa) I and II
KwaZula
Truth
and Reconciliation Commission
Government
of National Unity(1994-1999)
Thabo
Mbeki
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